Why We Study Human Development Essay - 1681 Words

I believe there are two important reasons why we study human development. One, to improve the lives of young children; two, improve parenting practices. Erik Erikson was one of the forefathers who tried to break down human development into stages. The stages are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus identity confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Santrock (2013) stated, â€Å"At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. The more successfully an individual resolves the crises, the healthier his or her development will be† (p. 22). In my short eighteen years of life, I have only experienced five of the eight life stages. 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The Role of the Nephron Free Essays

string(88) " medulla are now very salty due to so much sodium and chloride ions accumulating there\." The Roles of the Nephron of the 120 ml of blood that is filtered by the kidneys each minute, only I ml (that’s less than I%) turns into urine that will eventually leave the body (after approximately 300 – 400 mis of it accumulates to fill the bladder! ) That leaves 119 ml of fluid called filtrate to be returned back to the blood stream. Good thing, otherwise you would have to micturate (pee, urinate) once every 3 minutes and drink 1 L of fluid every 10 minutes in order to maintain Homeostasis!!! The one million nephrons in each human kidney are amazingly efficient at selectively removing wastes from the blood while at the same time conserving water, salt ions, glucose and other needed materials. The nephrons accomplish this task in 3 main steps; these 3 steps are also called the 3 main roles of the nephron: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Nephron or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fiftratffln Filtration is aecomplished by the movement of fluids from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule. Beabsorpttort Reatuorptias wolves the selective transfer of essential solutes and water back into the blood. Secretion Secretion Involves the movement of wastes from the blood into the mphron. 1. Filtration The renal artery carries blood into the kidney (approximately 600 mis of blood enters a kidney each minute). The renal artery then branches into arterioles which then branch intoaspecialized capillaries called the glomerulus. Because of the great difference in diameter between the renal artery and the glomerul us, blood entering the glomerulus is under very high pressure. This pressure forces about 20% of the blood plasma (about 120m1 of the 600 ml) out of the glomerulus and across the membrane of Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule acts to â€Å"filter† or separate some of the substances that are located in blood plasma from others. This is because some substances are small enough to fit through the pores of the membrane of Bowman’s capsule and some are too large and thus do not enter Bowman’s capsule with the rest of the blood plasma. Water, salt ions (sodium, potassium and choride), glucose molecules, amino acids and urea molecules are all small enough to go through the membrane pores into Bowman’s capsule. Blood cells (rbc, wbc and platelets) and proteins on the other hand are too large to leave the capillaries or enter Bowman’s capsule. The fluid inside of Bowman’s capsule gets a name change; it is now called â€Å"filtrate† because it is blood plasma that has been filtered, This filtrate is identical to blood plasma minus the blood cells and proteins. Filtrate is said to be isotonic to blood plasma with respect to its concentration of water, salt ions, glucose, amino acids and urea. The filtrate will then proceed from Bowman’s capsule through the rest of the nephron in the following order: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and finally the collecting tubule. From the collecting tubule, the filtrate will enter the pelvis of the kidney and be called urine. 2. Reabsorption Useful materials such as sugars and salt ions are reabsorbed back into the blood stream. That is, materials that could still be used by the body are sent back to the blood. Reabsorption happens as filtrate passes sequentially through the nephron. Materials re-entering the blood stream do so through the capillary network surrounding the nephrons. In short, â€Å"good† stuff is sent from the nephron back into the blood. A. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCn: As the filtrate enters the PCT approximately 80% of the salt ions (sodium and potassium), glucose and amino acids are ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED out of the PCT and back into the blood stream by special â€Å"pumping† cells located in the walls of the PCT. The process of active transport requires energy. Energy in the form of ATP is supplied by the numerous mitochondria that are embedded in the walls of the PCT. Because of ionic attraction, negatively charged chloride ions (CI-) will flow passively out of the PCT as they are attracted by the positively charged sodium and potassium ions (Na+, K+). As the concentration of the above mentioned solute molecules drops inside of the PCT, water then diffuses out of the PCT and into the capillary network passively by the process of OSMOSIS. The lining of the PCT contains microvilli to increase the surface area over which this reabsorption can occur. B. Descending Loop of Henle: As the filtrate travels into the descending Loop of Henle, both sodium and potassium ions passively diffuse from the salty tissues of the surrounding medulla BACK INTO the Loop of Henle. (Although this is eabsorption of materials, the materials are not going back into the blood stream at this point). At the same time, water continues to move out of the Loop of Henle and into the capillary network by osmosis. The filtrate at this point is more concentrated (hypertonic) with respect to salt ions than it was in the PCT, both because water has been removed from it, and because salt ions have been again added to it. C. AscendineLoop of Henle As the filtrate proceeds up into the ascending Loop of Henle, the choride ions are actively pumped back out of the nephron. Because of ionic attraction, sodium ions then passively follow the chloride ions out of the tubule and into the tissues of the medulla. These ions only move into the medulla and not back into the blood stream. Since the ascending Loop of Henle is impermeable to water, water cannot leave this part of the nephron. Because of this, the filtrate gets more dilute again. Because the opposite happens in the ascending and descending Loops of Henle, the process is called the COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM. The process is also known as the CHLORIDE SfUFT. D. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) As the filtrate passes through this part of the nephron, water continues to passively diffuse out of the nephron and back into the blood. Water continues to diffuse out of the DCT because the surrounding tissues of the medulla are now very salty due to so much sodium and chloride ions accumulating there. You read "The Role of the Nephron" in category "Papers" The salty tissues attract the water out of the DCT because the medulla is hypertonic with respect to salt concentration when compared with the salt concentration of the filtrate (now hypotonic). Water that enters the medulla will then diffuse back into the blood stream. Because of the continual re-absorption of water, the filtrate becomes more and more concentrated with wastes, mainly urea. The amount of water that diffuses can be regulated by a hormone called ADH. The amount of water that diffuses from the DCT back into the blood depends on the needs of the body; if the body is dehydrated, more water will go back into the blood, and less will be left in the nephron to make less urine. The opposite occurs if the body is over hydrated. E. Collectin g Tubule C The same thing that occurs in the DCT also occurs in the CT 3. Secretion Occurring at the same time as reabsorption is a process called secretion. Secretion is when a cell releases a substance to its outside†¦ in this case, non-useful and toxic substances are ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED from the blood into the nephron – usually in the regions of the distal and proximal convoluted tubules. Substances which are secreted include excess acid (H+) or base (OH-) ions, excess glucose (high glucose levels are found in diabetic urine or urine of someone who has recently consumed a large amount of sugar-this is the kidney’s way of helping to ensure that the blood sugar level doesn’t get too high), ammonia, and drugs (this is why urine is used from many drug tests – the breakdown of many drugs including marijuana, cocaine, heroin, sleeping pills, codeine and many other medications can be detected even in minute amounts in the urine). The process of secretion ensures that materials that are potentially harmful to the body are quickly disposed of by being â€Å"dumped† into the fluid that is about to become urine. Secretion happens mainly in the regions of the DCT and CT but some also occurs in the PCT. In short, secretion involves â€Å"bad† stuff being removed from the blood being sent to the urine. of the loop after chlorine. The sodium rushes The Counter Current Mechanism of the Nephron out by diffusion because of its ‘fatal attraction’ to chlorine. The chlorine and the sodium ions collect and dominate the fluids outside the loop The loop of Henle works toward the goal of water conservation. Animals that live in a terrestrial environment need to be careful not to waste water. It is clearly a waste,if water is in short supply, to release too much water with the urine. As a result there needs to be a mechanism to encourage water out of the urine and back into the blood. The loop of Henle creates that animals. There i s no way of actively capturing water in the urine that is passing through the collecting ducts. It would almost seem too late to capture the water that is already on its way out of the body. However, the nifty nephron creates a trick with its loop of lienle to get the water out of the collecting duct before it leaves the kidney, kidney. The ascending loop of Henle actively transports chlorine ions out of the filtrate with carrier proteins. Chlorine builds up in the fluids of the medulla by active transport. Because it is a negative ion, it creates a cause for the sodium ion, which is positive, to rush out It does so by creating a salty environment in the medulla area of the mechanism in terrestrial of I-fenle creating a salty environment. This salty environment catches the attention of the water that is passing through the nearby collecting duct. salt. The collecting duct is permeable to water but not permeable to the Water can. not resist moving into the The salt creates an osmotic salty medulla. pressure that pulls the water out of the collecting duct by osmosis. Water has a ‘fatal attraction’ to salty solutions. ) Once the water is out of the duct it is no longer destined for elimination but can’ now be picked up by the nearby. ,Mood capillaries and returned to be used by;. body systems. Meanwhile, back at the loop of`-†¢Henle, trouble is starting. The ascending loop is running out of salt. There is no need to worry. The salt trick can continue because the de scending loop in its wisdom is stealing back the salt that the ascending loop is so generously releasing. This helps to keep a constant flow of salt inside the loop for the ascending lope to pump out . Because of the generosity gfthe ascending loop and the stinginess of the descending loop a salt trade or salt current is established as the salt moves ouc of the ascen ding loop and into the descending loop, This salt current established by the loop of lienle maintains an environment that attracts water out of the ducts containing urine and back into the blood. This process is called the counter current mechanism. (ER 25 EXCRETION AND WE BALANCING OF WATER AN Cl ruti†n i Tubular secretion Nctwp -i Urea _, How Materials Move Into and Out of the Nephron As Urine Forms. As a Al. nephron extends through the kidney’s cortex and medulla and dumps urine into the collecting duct, various substances enter and leave the filtrate. Broken lines represent segments of the nephron wall that are permeable to water, while solid lines represent wall segments impermeable to water. Narrow arrows represent passive diffusion of materials into or out of the nephron tubule, while wide arrows represent active transport against concentration gradients. Filtration activities are shown in blue, tubu. l ‘eabsorption activities in green, and tubular secretion in yellow. U ne is shown as yellow. traces nephron function and material movements step by step. The t FU†,t. Ic r1 How to cite The Role of the Nephron, Papers

Creating a School of Excellence free essay sample

Did you truthfully understand the enormity that someday you would be responsible for so many lives? Each day hundreds and sometimes thousands of parents entrust their most precious asset, their children, to you. And what about the faculty, staff, and community that you influence? Dont they frequently turn to you for leadership, knowledge, guidance, and assistance? As a Catholic school leader you hold the lions share of accountability for student safety, quality of instruction, and community satisfaction as well as the usual executive oversight for efficient operations, financial stewardship, strategic initiatives, community relations, and organizational culture. Catholic education in the 21st century demands that these items be essential cores to your mission, because we are fortunate to serve humanity by forming the hearts, minds, and souls of tomorrows leaders. So how can Catholic school leaders build a culture of excellence? I believe that excellence within a Catholic school begins with school leadership. To create an excellent Catholic school, the leaders must be excellent themselves: They must not only believe in but manifest in their actions a passion for the school’s mission, its vision, and its values. Assuming a deep commitment to the school’s mission and alignment with the desired values exists in leadership, the next steps are to Find Faith and Seek Service, Invest in the Best, and Reinforce the Expectation of Excellence. Organization, education, and administrative skills are important too, but excellence depends on deep alignment around these three intangibles. Find Faith and Seek Service The primary focus of Catholic schools is to participate in the Churchs evangelizing mission of bringing the Gospel to the ends of the earth. More specifically, Catholic schools are places of evangelization for the young. To create a school of excellence, leaders must place the responsibility of finding faith and seeking service at the top of their administrative agenda. It’s not enough for schools to teach students the faith; we must prepare our students to live that faith in practice. By the very nature of Catholic schools we already create a host of opportunities for students to learn and practice the Gospel values. While each school community is unique, these suggestions provide opportunities for schools to expand upon the mission of Catholic education. Catholic schools traditionally require service hours and offer opportunities for school prayer and Mass. As a Catholic school leader seek ways to expand upon the current practices in your school. Find opportunities for additional all-school and community Masses. Create opportunities for the faculty and staff to come together more frequently to celebrate the Eucharist. Add school-wide prayers like The Angelus or Rosary to enhance your Catholic identify and make faith an integral part of the daily experience. Explore avenues to grow the current service program. Consider having extracurricular groups commit a weekend afternoon to a service project, take your student body off-campus for a day of service, invite non-profit organizations in to speak to your students and educate them about their service to the community. Finding additional time to celebrate our faith and seeking additional service opportunities will model to students and staff how to live and practice the Catholic faith; it will keep our schools uniquely Catholic, and will strengthen our world today and tomorrow. Invest in the Best, Schools throughout the United States, regardless if they are suburban, urban, rural, private, public, or charter, are all facing difficult budgetary decisions and restraints. Having served two Catholic schools whose budgets are driven by enrollment and fundraising, my experience has been no different than any other Catholic educator across the country. The best financial allocation an educational leader can make is to invest in the best educators. Those teachers that magically empower students, build curriculum, and drive your mission. In Jim Collins’ outstanding book, Good to Great, he makes the point that getting â€Å"the right people on the bus† is the first step towards excellence and research has identified the classroom teacher as the number one factor influencing student achievement. An educational leader serious about raising reading scores, ACT scores, lowering the dropout rate, getting more students in to college, or focusing on school improvement targets will make this investment in the best teachers a top priority. Great teachers make Great schools possible. There are multiple approaches a Catholic school leader can take to invest in the best. Investing in master teachers with advanced degrees and several years of experience present more significant economic implications than teachers lacking similar professional credentials. Identifying, recruiting, and hiring experienced professionals can also be difficult and can create a hindrance if a leader allows it. However, Catholic educational leaders known for leading schools to excellence, some which have made dramatic turnarounds in the most difficult school settings, will verify that the return on investment in hiring the most qualified teachers is the most advisable budgetary expense a school leader can authorize. Educators with advanced degrees and handfuls of experience are not the only option for investing in the best. Schools can benefit greatly by hiring young educators who have a passion for education. Their enthusiasm, youthful perceptive on life, and new, creative ideas can engage students and ignite or reignite entire faculties. Dynamic, inspiring, masterful educators do not often fall in a leader’s lap. An educational leader has to post teaching openings in as many avenues as possible. The Internet and social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Craigslist have made this easier and more cost affordable for school leaders. Most nearby colleges and universities will post school openings, notify their graduates of openings, and will welcome Catholic schools to their career fairs. Accessing the local universities and requesting student-teachers is another free resource to increase the probability of hiring a dynamic young educator. Local newspapers, websites, and state and national organizations are also prime areas to recruit qualified candidates. An educational leader serious about leading their school to excellence knows to cast a wide net. Keep in mind those who are brought into an organization, over time, determine to a great extent what the organization will become. An often overlooked aspect of investing in the best is the current faculty and staff that you lead. All Catholic schools leaders are blessed to have a core group of teachers in their building right now that are simply the very best in their profession. The best strategy one can implement as a Catholic school leader seeking excellence is to invest in those teachers. Identify the best teachers and listen to their ideas, thoughts, dreams, even complaints. The best teachers want the very best for students. Invest in them by providing opportunities for them to collaborate as a faculty, give them avenues to communicate with you as the school leader, often. They have the most exposure to students and families. They know the strengths and the deficiencies of your students better than you’ll ever be able to decipher on your own. Afford them the opportunity to share that valuable information with you. They know what needs to be implemented to increase student achievement in your building, they have terrific ideas to prevent bullying, they’ve considering techniques to increase parental involvement, they are up-to-date on the newest technology, have innovative curriculum ideas, and they are the heartbeat and pulse of your school. Invest in their professional development. Give them the resources they need to be effective. Teach them, coach them, and inspire them. In the age of capitalism and innovation, new programs, tools, and manipulatives, appear on the market daily. It is easy for any educational leader to reach for that magic bullet to transform your school overnight. Having tried many of those transformative toys I’ve come to understand what the best educators have known for many years. It’s not programs, its people that make the difference. An educational leader that is serious about moving a school from good to great, invests in the best educators and leaves the latest trend of the month on the shelf. The investment in qualified educators pays off far more than any curriculum in a box ever will. Reinforce the Expectation of Excellence The final component to creating a school of excellence is to immerse the expectations of excellence into everything that is done within the school. Every discussion, email, document, and process is an opportunity to support your expectations of excellence. When test scores soar or students go out of their way to help those in need how will you celebrate? As leaders we often assume everyone will do their best and exceed expectations at all times, but how often do we recognize and applaud that effort? Take time at faculty meetings to praise and reinforce the work of the teachers who are putting in extra hours to prepare for homecoming, Christmas Mass, or graduation. Honor your students over morning announcements or in your monthly newsletters for their academic, athletic, and community service accomplishments. Make excellence an expectation and a daily norm. Social media like Facebook and Twitter provide affordable avenues to acknowledge the culture of excellence ou are building. Make it a goal every day to share one example of excellence taking place within your school. When your best teacher performs a masterful lesson, tweet about it! When the soccer team wins a District Championship post a picture and congratulatory message on Facebook! When students exceed the expectations on the state or national exam email their parents and post their accomplishments on your website. Find opportunities to stream your school Masses online. The possibilities of immersing your culture in excellence in the 21st century are endless and typically free! Regardless of your current school conditions, it is possible to lead for excellence. It requires a commitment to a strong Catholic mission to educate students for spiritual, academic, and personal excellence, hiring exceptional staff with high standards, and immersing the school community with daily examples of excellence. Then, the overwhelming pride from being part of something great comes. Your heart will pound with excitement when you realize that your school community is working to the beat of one heart, one mission, to lead your school to excellence.

Should The Developed North Increase Aid To The Less Developed South E

Should The Developed North Increase Aid To The Less Developed South? Should The Developed North Increase Aid to the Less Developed South? The question at hand is not whether aid from the developed north should be given at all, but whether or not it should be increased to help ease the suffering of the developing countries in the south. Every country, whether rich or poor, should have compassion for the suffering. However, it is not the duty of the developed north to completely take care of every developing country. In the present, there are serious problems that need to be addressed dealing with how aid is given out: misuse of funds by governments, the corruption it creates, economies it destroys, lack of votes it buys at the United Nations, and finally the question of who has priority. Therefore, until these issues are dealt with in the near future, aid should be kept to a minimum. ? Response to Readings in Taking Sides James P. Grant, in his article favoring the increase of foreign aid to the developing south, notes that poverty in this world is a large problem that has continued to rise for years. It wasn?t until the 1960?s that the mobilization of medical help, better sanitation, clean water, money spent on education, and other measures began to save lives and make the quality of living better for millions. However, he also states that even though aid is being provided, it is still not enough, and leaders like the United States and the European community should take the initiative to donate and assist more each year just like the Japanese have done. The only problem with this statement is that both the European community and the United States are pressed for money. The European countries, especially leaders like Great Britain and Germany, have devoted much of their aid budgets towards helping other countries within their system grow stronger before the European system goes completely into full fo rce. Whereas the United States? budget deficit forces many government agencies, including the Agency for International Development(AID), to lose funding. Furthermore there is no reason to send billions of dollars over seas when northern countries like the United States and Great Britain currently face the highest levels of child poverty that either country has seen in over 25 years. In addition to poverty, other domestic problems such as rape, robberies, and murders in this country still exist. Until domestic issues are solved, any future increase in foreign aid should also be kept to a minimum. The purpose of a nation is to look after its own citizens to insure that they are free from harm, stay healthy, receive public utilities, and become educated. If protecting a nations? people require its country, for example, to send aid to an African country to help prevent the spread of HIV, then foreign aid is acceptable. However, if there is no immediate threat to US security, then aid and foreign involvement should be kept to a minimum. In other words, aid should only be offered when a clear gain for that country can be achieved. There are not enough resources to save the destitute and sick of the world out of compassion alone. Special interest groups such as Peace Corps, private donations, and volunteers serve the purpose of helping others. It is all right for a country to help provide these groups with the necessary resources required to carry out their missions safely; however, it is not the duty of a country to take care of all nations alone. As advocates of the no side, the editors of The Economist firmly believe that the north should not increase aid to the developing south on account of past misuse, unfair distribution of aid among countries, and lack of results. Furthermore, foreign aid does more than just ease the suffering of the impoverished. Health care expenditures account for only 2% of the entire aid budget as a study by the World Bank in 1988 showed. The rest of the 98% goes toward the financing of military campaigns to restore peace and help set up and keep new and existing democracies running, saving the environment, supporting economic development, and lastly to control population

Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics

Human Behavior in Business Ethics Ethics in Business from a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner are both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to ana lyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee could not distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The ... Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics Human Behavior in Business Ethics Ethics in Business from a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner are both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to ana lyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee could not distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The ...

Boys Girls Clubs Of America

Boys Girls Clubs Of America Socialization is generally thought of as being an essential part of human development in that its importance is often times disregarded. However, understanding socialization can be a complicated and enduring process. â€Å"Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture† (Macionis, 2011, 68). Humans need social experience to acquire the skills needed to learn their culture and for survival. â€Å"Social experience is also the basis of personality, a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing – taking in – our surroundings† (Macionis, 2011, 68). When an individual is lacking social experience, personality seldom develops. People usually rely on others for assistance when their children are growing physically and emotionally but most importantly as their personality is developing. Many th eorists have focused on childhood as being the most critical time when personality is formed; however, Erik H. Erikson’s eight stages of development have set apart that focus and places emphasis on socialization throughout the life course as being the most influential (Macionis, 2011). Erikson centralized that challenges are faced throughout the life course fluctuating from infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood to old age even though not everyone faces these challenges in the exact order (Macionis, 2011). In summary, Erikson’s stages of development model calls attention to how several factors, including the family, school and peer groups, shape our personalities. Since socialization is a learning process that begins after birth and is learned throughout an individual’s life span, a common question is how can people be socialized? Looking around the world, we see that different cultures used different tech niques to socialize their children both formal and informally through school and peer groups. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. Across America, there are many national organizations that have been organized to provide programs for young people that help with maintaining socialization skills that have been embedded amongst our youth. â€Å"The Boys & Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of local chapters which provide after-school programs for young people† (http://www.bgca.org). The first Boys’ Club was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860 after a group of women noticed how young boys from needy families would hang out on the streets after school because they didn’t have anywhere else to go. The club was created to provide them with a safe place to play. By 1906, there were fifty-three independent Boys’ Clubs that came together in Boston for form a national organization known as the Federat ed Boys’ Clubs. After many years, the organization renamed itself Boys’ Clubs of America and in 1990 renamed itself to Boys & Girls Clubs of America. There are currently over 4,000 autonomous local Clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization and serve over four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and on US Military Bases. In 2010, member percentages included: 65% are from minority families, 5% are 5 years old and under, 43% are 6-10 years old, 19% are 11-12 years old, 21% are 13-15 years old, 12% are 16-18 years old, 55% are male and 45% are female (http://www.bgca.org).

How can website design be improved by the study of ergonomics Essay

How can website design be improved by the study of ergonomics - Essay Example This design of human-machine interface is based on the basic instincts and psychology of human like clicking an icon on a touchpad to initiate an application. Bob Boie developed the first touch screen pad at Bell Labs in 1984 that allowed the users to manipulate the graphics with their fingers. However, it is recently that electronic device manufacturers have started exploiting this technology for consumers like using finger touch to open a book and turn pages that give a feel similar to real world. In this research, three websites categories from Webby Award’s website; Charitable Organizations/Non-profit, Social Networking and e-Commerce focusing different area were evaluated for ergonomics on a number of factors including navigation, search, layout of information, quality of text and others by users of hand held devices using a 15 points questionnaire. The results indicated that websites were ratings were dissimilar for navigation and usefulness by experienced and inexperien ced users; however, ergonomics quality of the website needed improvements. For this developers, need to concentrate on web layout, structure and improvements in navigation. This would improve not only the ergonomics of the website but also the website overall impression resulting in increased frequency of website visitors. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 Rationale and Theoretical Framework 2 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 Human Factors and Ergonomics 5 2.2 The Expansion of Internet 6 2.3 Human Computer Interaction 7 2.4 Major Web Design Mistakes 8 2.4.1 Bad Search 8 2.4.2 Online Reading of PDF Files 9 2.4.3 Colours of Visited Links Remain Unchanged 9 2.4.4 Non Scannable Test 10 2.4.5 Fixed Font Size 10 2.4.6 Pages Titles with Low Search Engine Visibility 11 2.4.7 Any Thing That Looks Like an Advertisement 11 2.4.8 Violating Design Conventions 12 2.4.9 Opening New Browser Windows 12 2.4.10 Not Answering User’s Questions 12 2.5 Web Interface Design 12 2.5.1 Plan Structure 13 2.5.2 Content Design 13 2.5.3 Consistency 13 2.5.4 Make Web Interface Accessible 14 2.5.5 Solid Navigational Base 14 2.5.6 Put User Input into Perspective 14 2.6 Ergonomics Method for Website Design 15 2.6.1 Planning of Design 15 2.6.2 Content Analysis 16 2.6.3 Organizing Information 16 2.6.4 Process Analysis 16 2.6.5 Design and Development 16 2.6.6 Designing for Global Users 17 2.6.7 Usability Testing 17 2.6.8 Conducting Usability Testing and Evaluation 17 2.6.9 Offline Usability Testing 18 2.6.10 Maintenance 18 2.6.11 Checking Website Integrity 18 2.7 Hand Held Devices and Web Interaction 19 3. Research Methodology 20 3.1 Research Design 20 3.1.1 Exploratory Research 20 3.1.2 Conclusive Research 20 3.1.3 Descriptive Research 21 3.1.4 Casual Research 21 3.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 22 3.3 Data Collection Methodology 22 3.3.1 Structured Interviews 22 3.3.2 Survey Questionnaire 23 3.4 Design of Questionnaire 23 3.4.1 Structure of Questionnaire 23 3.4.2 Ques tion Types 23 3.5 Sampling 25 4. Findings and Discussions 26 4.1 Respondent’s Profile 26 4.2 e-Commerce Websites 30 4.2.1 Navigation 31 4.2.2 User Considerations 32 4.2.3 Website Usefulness 32 4.3 Charitable Organizations / Non-profit 34 4.3.1 Navigation 35 4.3.2 User Considerations 35 4.3.3 Website Usefuln

Assessment of marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assessment of marketing - Term Paper Example Geographical segment: the company provides different price ranges products to target the customers of different income level. It has regular priced products for the people of middle income level and also offers premium branded products for the higher class who only want the quality and the brand name and do not hesitate for price. For social class, all demographic social categories of customers are targeted by the company. It generally offers branded clothes, so, the customers are generally educated and earning people. The customers segment of this company includes working people like employees and small business people. Psychographic segment: the lifestyle of the target customers are generally western culture and people follow the new fashion trend to choose dresses for both casual and formals. Their interest is to get quality and also brand name in standard price. Behavioural segment: Most of the customers are frequent buyers of casual dresses. They follow the new and popular trend. The target customers generally shop from high streets garment shops which offers variety products of different brands. They do not generally buy from the company showroom of a particular brand. As these customers are frequent buyers so they do not purchase at one time shopping. The company can diversify into a neighbour market i.e. Melbourne which is second popular city in Australia. To find out the external factors e.g. opportunities and threats related to this market, the external factors need to be analysed. The external environment of a new market includes political or legal, economic, social or cultural and technological environment. Political: The political environment of this city is influential for a retail business like clothing. Some political issues or the legal restrictions are there to use the natural resources like water that is not related to this business. Economic: the city has highly diversified economy. This city has

A Response to Historians in Cahoot by Tristram Hunt Essay Example for Free

A Response to Historians in Cahoot by Tristram Hunt Essay Political speeches are of course meticulously designed not to sound like, well, a political speech. Tristam Hunt had seen through the design of President George W. Bush’s inaugural speech in 2005. In Hunt’s article, â€Å"Historians in Cahoot†, he pointed out the heavy use of the term â€Å"history.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Bush had repeatedly mentioned historic events that range from the formulation of the declaration of independence to the tragic 911 attacks. Hunt’s article is seemingly arguing that history could be used as a political tool. People are attracted to history. It could be nostalgia, or it could just be that history is always presented in a packaged form—a packaged form in a sense that the past events are already modified and consequently stripped of the other details. Moreover, history is often accused of being biased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the article had actually started, there was a suggestion for reading that suggests that there is a distinction between history as â€Å"inspiration† and history as â€Å"instruction.† Aside from the fact that the suggestion for reading had served its purpose as a guide, it leads the readers to a profound realization about history. There is a hint in Hunt’s article that the Bush administration would pattern its style of governance according to what had already transpired in history—a style of governance which is likely to be leaning to only a small portion of the society.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. :: essays research papers

The Effects of One Person Upon The World From an apprehensive child growing up in a small town in Arkansas, Maya Angelou has evolved into an influential, wise, and respected woman. She has overcome obstacles and has grown into one of the à ©lite intellectual people of this country, and perhaps the world. Along her numerous struggles, various people have given her positive guidance and passed down their knowledge to her. Among these people was Mrs. Bertha Flowers, a person in which Maya respected greatly. She was a dignified person that Maya could strive to achieve the gratitude that Mrs. Flowers gave to the people around her, a sense of appreciation. In her life story, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou attributes her characteristics she has acquired today, being influential, wise, and respected, to Mrs. Flowers, who shows her the power of a voice, the knowledge of literature, and pride in her race, and turns a self-conscious girl, into one of the most profound writers of our time. Mrs. Flowers enlightened Maya on the importance, and dominant effect, of expression through an individual voice. Earlier in her life, Maya was sexually molested and raped, and as a result, became dormant towards society. This was such a traumatizing event in her life that struck her obviously, in a physical sense, but moreover, mentally. Where she was once a brilliant outgoing child, she became a quiet, somber adult. As a result of this, Mrs. Flowers stepped in and told Maya to, “…bear in mind, language is man’s way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animals.'; The intellect and beauty of Mrs. Flowers was shown through this quote which she educated Maya. If that was the only thing she ever mentioned to Maya, the beauty of the words alone could have changed her from a cocoon sleeping in the darkness, into a butterfly fluttering alongside the sun. Without Mrs. Flowers introduction and reasoning to speech, M aya would never have realized the power of the voice and would have been dormant from society the rest of her life. In addition to the importance of voice, Mrs. Flowers opened Maya’s to literature, and the knowledge it brings. Earlier in Angelou’s life, she was interested in comics and some poetry, but now a new outlook was imposed upon her, the power literature.

Adam Smith`s American Dream: Of desire and debt by Peter C. Whybrow

The American dream is a complex notion that embodies traditions, social and personal values of people. This concept is closely connected with historical and economic development of America, its liberation movement and economic changes. Explaining the American dream it is possible to single out social, personal and economic dimensions that determine this concept. In the book â€Å"American Mania: When More Is Not Enough†, P. C. Whybrow tries to explain outcomes and consequences of the American dream for the entire population and a burden of debt faced by many Americans.Taking into account economic perspectives, American dream means opportunities for everyone to become rich and prosperous in spite of his background and origin. From the very beginning of American colonization period people see the continent as a special place where there is plenty of opportunity for someone to become wealthy. Today, it is possible to define the American dream from different perspectives, but in g eneral: the American dream is the idea that through persistence, hard work and self-determination people can achieve prosperity and high social status.This notion has created workaholic cults based on principles of the American dream. Following Whybrow (2005); â€Å"A polyglot nation of prodigious energy, we are held together by dreams of material progress† (p. 22). Consumerism has a great impact on the notion the American Dream. After the period of the Depression the reforms in the marketplace not only produced double-digit growth but also enabled ordinary citizens to nurture dreams and social networks that challenged official discourse and conventions through millions of daily commercial transactions.People received a chance to earn more and buy expensive goods. Their buying habits were transformed and became necessities. The workaholic cult makes the realization of American Dream simpler because new consumers created great demand for goods. A new version of capitalism bega n evolving in which creativity was not just perennial but constant, in which rapid-fire innovation and continuous improvement were the norm. Cultural changes had a great impact on the workaholic cult and customer wants.This process which took place in 1960s resulted in the development of the creative sector as an integral part of the American dream. Educational establishments were places where human creativity was cultivated and could flourish. Millions of Americans rather quickly acquired a steady job, a car, and a big house, and debts. Most of them had tried to achieve social mobility but failed limited by gender and racial prejudices, lack of education and financial support. Free-market capitalism supported (supports) a financial burden of struggling propositions.On the one hand, economic development led to increased possibilities of education and the opening up of a greater variety of life chances, but these chances were minor in contrast to high class opportunities. Also, rapid population growth of poor classes increased burden on the financial resources and social provisions reducing buying potential of a particular individual from poor regions. The ideas of prosperity enslaved many Americans who tried to test the American dream and achieve higher social status. Also, these ideas are heated by inequalities between the rich minority and the poor majority.Stressing the need to meet basic needs as the primary driving force towards development, sometimes imaginatively termed the basic needs approach, emphasizes that health and education are motors for productivity and that the basic needs of all sectors must be met. Today, the differences between middle class families and poor are inevitable supported by social and economic constraints and self consciousness of people. Following Whybrow â€Å"The scramble for â€Å"the dream† demands a lengthened workday, diminished sleep, continuous learning, unusual energy, and a high tolerance for financial insecu rity.To be â€Å"successful† is to be a multi-tasking dynamo† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 23). An American without a car and big house is an outsider, who is unable to settle his life. For this reason, millions of Americans take loans in order to meet the established criteria of prosperity. The main problem of Americans is that they spend more than they earn. This problem leads to large debts and psychological problems caused by hard working and financial pressure. The author explains that the debts and financial burden is a direct result of heavy advertising and fashion popularizing luxurious life style and prosperity.The author gives the following example of ‘modern’ advertisements: â€Å"t he photographs highlight the vehicle’s interior, a rich brown leather interior. â€Å"Think of it as chocolate, as another sweet spot in your life,† is the drift of the spin-doctor's advice† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 21). There is a false need fabricated by media an d advertisers popularizing luxurious life style and fashion. Most people become enslaved to the workplace prisoners, because they have to meet the highest possible standards established by media and society.The other problem is that people's occu ¬pations or market positions have abso ¬lutely no bearing on their self-understanding or interpretation of their social world and neither has any relation to their individual or collective actions, which are quite unpredictable on the basis of either. Social pressure is the main cause of financial debts and ‘free-will slavery’. â€Å"Many Fortune 500 companies, once considered havens of lifetime employment, have transformed themselves into profit-driven workaholic cults’(Whybrow, 2005 p. 22).If anything explains the goals people pursue it is the social conditioning they receive, high social classes are proud and seek power, the ordinary man is timid and seeks security. Most people do not understand that upward mobil ity is practically impossible for working class children and immigrants, because they cannot enter Universities and pay for their education. Also, â€Å"manic† is caused by racism and feminism organized via institutional frameworks especially within the state as part of the disciplinary power of state agencies like the police, but which is subject to ongoing contestations.Whybrow cites the example of a working mother who is enslaved and has no time for her daughter and family. The author comments that â€Å"It is the promise of special gifts and a magical holiday that finally proves convincing and, finishing the call, the mother sighs to herself and turns to reading† (Whybrow, 2005 p. 21). Most female employees are viewed as mothers and wives which create a glass ceiling for most of them, and force them to work hard for years to prove their professionalism and high level of responsibility.Also, the author underlines the role of technology and innovations in life of Ame ricans and their dreams. The great layer of information and varieties of technology become available now, but the present day situation is marked by such phenomenon as â€Å"technology stress†, which means that all technological advantages society is craving for are nothing more than ephemerally. In sum, the American dream and false social values resulted in the workaholic cult and financial burden for many Americans. Social and economic uncertainty creates new tensions while reinforcing existing ones.The basic principle of this process is that in social process systems, prosperity are interrelated with the human or social aspects. The basic social and economic processes such as competition, conflict, accommodation and assimilation lead to debts and financial pressure. However a consistent pattern is the great gulf that separates the rich from the poor, and the central role of the state in articulating the relationship between them. References 1. Whybrow, P. C. (2005).  "Adam Smith`s American Dream: Of Desire and Debt† American Mania: When More Is Not Enough. W. Norton & Company. pp. 21-48.

Deception Point Page 103

Unfortunately, Delta-One had seen the complexity of the control panel near the trapdoor-a series of unmarked levers and dials that apparently controlled the trapdoor, the winch motor, and numerous other commands. He had no intention of hitting the wrong lever and risking his partner's life by mistakenly dropping the sub into the sea. Eliminate all risk. Never rush. He would force Tolland to perform the actual release. And to ensure he did not try anything tricky, Delta-One would take out insurance known in his business as â€Å"biological collateral.† Use your adversaries against one another. Delta-One swung the gun barrel directly into Rachel's face, stopping only inches from her forehead. Rachel closed her eyes, and Delta-One could see Tolland's fists clench in a protective anger. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, stand up,† Delta-One said. She did. With the gun firmly on her back, Delta-One marched her over to an aluminum set of portable stairs that led up to the top of the Triton sub from behind. â€Å"Climb up and stand on top of the sub.† Rachel looked frightened and confused. â€Å"Just do it,† Delta-One said. Rachel felt like she was moving through a nightmare as she climbed up the aluminum gangway behind the Triton. She stopped at the top, having no desire to step out over the chasm onto the suspended Triton. â€Å"Get on top of the sub,† the soldier said, returning to Tolland and pushing the gun against his head. In front of Rachel the soldier who was in the clamps watched her, shifting in pain, obviously eager to get out. Rachel looked at Tolland, who now had a gun barrel to his head. Get on top of the sub. She had no choice. Feeling like she was edging out onto a precipice overhanging a canyon, Rachel stepped onto the Triton's engine casing, a small flat section behind the rounded dome window. The entire sub hung like a massive plumb bob over the open trapdoor. Even suspended on its winch cable, the nine-ton sub barely registered her arrival, swinging only a few millimeters as she steadied herself. â€Å"Okay, let's move,† the soldier said to Tolland. â€Å"Go to the controls and close the trapdoor.† At gunpoint, Tolland began moving toward the control panel with the soldier behind him. As Tolland came toward her, he was moving slowly, and Rachel could feel his eyes fixing hard on her as if trying to send her a message. He looked directly at her and then down at the open hatch on top of the Triton. Rachel glanced down. The hatch at her feet was open, the heavy circular covering propped open. She could see down into the one-seater cockpit. He wants me to get in? Sensing she must be mistaken, Rachel looked at Tolland again. He was almost to the control panel. Tolland's eyes locked on her. This time he was less subtle. His lips mouthed, â€Å"Jump in! Now!† Delta-One saw Rachel's motion out of the corner of his eye and wheeled on instinct, opening fire as Rachel fell through the sub's hatch just below the barrage of bullets. The open hatch covering rang out as the bullets ricocheted off the circular portal, sending up a shower of sparks, and slamming the lid closed on top of her. Tolland, the instant he'd felt the gun leave his back, made his move. He dove to his left, away from the trapdoor, hitting the deck and rolling just as the soldier spun back toward him, gun blazing. Bullets exploded behind Tolland as he scrambled for cover behind the ship's stern anchor spool-an enormous motorized cylinder around which was wound several thousand feet of steel cable connected to the ship's anchor. Tolland had a plan and would have to act fast. As the soldier dashed toward him, Tolland reached up and grabbed the anchor lock with both hands, yanking down. Instantly the anchor spool began feeding out lengths of cable, and the Goya lurched in the strong current. The sudden movement sent everything and everyone on the deck staggering sidelong. As the boat accelerated in reverse on the current, the anchor spool doled out cable faster and faster. Come on, baby, Tolland urged. The soldier regained his balance and came for Tolland. Waiting until the last possible moment, Tolland braced himself and rammed the lever back up, locking the anchor spool. The chain snapped taut, stopping the ship short and sending a tremulous shudder throughout the Goya. Everything on deck went flying. The soldier staggered to his knees near Tolland. Pickering fell back from the railing onto the deck. The Triton swung wildly on its cable. A grating howl of failing metal tore up from beneath the ship like an earthquake as the damaged strut finally gave way. The right stern corner of the Goya began collapsing under its own weight. The ship faltered, tilting on a diagonal like a massive table losing one of its four legs. The noise from beneath was deafening-a wail of twisting, grating metal and pounding surf. White-knuckled inside the Triton cockpit, Rachel held on as the nine-ton machine swayed over the trapdoor in the now steeply inclined deck. Through the base of the glass dome she could see the ocean raging below. As she looked up, her eyes scanning the deck for Tolland, she watched a bizarre drama on the deck unfold in a matter of seconds. Only a yard away, trapped in the Triton's claws, the clamped Delta soldier was howling in pain as he bobbed like a puppet on a stick. William Pickering scrambled across Rachel's field of vision and grabbed on to a cleat on the deck. Near the anchor lever, Tolland was also hanging on, trying not to slide over the edge into the water. When Rachel saw the soldier with the machine gun stabilizing himself nearby, she called out inside the sub. â€Å"Mike, look out!† But Delta-One ignored Tolland entirely. The soldier was looking back toward the idling helicopter with his mouth open in horror. Rachel turned, following his gaze. The Kiowa gunship, with its huge rotors still turning, had started to slowly slide forward down the tipping deck. Its long metal skids were acting like skis on a slope. It was then that Rachel realized the huge machine was skidding directly toward the Triton. Scrambling up the inclined deck toward the sliding aircraft, Delta-One clambered into the cockpit. He had no intention of letting their only means of escape slide off the deck. Delta-One seized the Kiowa's controls and heaved back on the stick. Lift off! With a deafening roar, the blades accelerated overhead, straining to lift the heavily armed gunship off the deck. Up, goddamn it! The chopper was sliding directly toward the Triton and Delta-Two suspended in its grasp. With its nose tipped forward, the Kiowa's blades were also tipped, and when the chopper lurched off the deck, it sailed more forward than up, accelerating toward the Triton like a giant buzz saw. Up! Delta-One pulled the stick, wishing he could drop the half ton of Hellfire warheads weighing him down. The blades just missed the top of Delta-Two's head and the top of the Triton sub, but the chopper was moving too fast. It would never clear the Triton's winch cable. As the Kiowa's 300-rpm steel blades collided with the sub's fifteen-ton capacity braided steel winch cable, the night erupted with the shriek of metal on metal. The sounds conjured images of epic battle. From the chopper's armored cockpit, Delta-One watched his rotors tear into the sub's cable like a giant lawn mower running over a steel chain. A blinding spray of sparks erupted overhead, and the Kiowa's blades exploded. Delta-One felt the chopper bottom out, its struts hitting the deck hard. He tried to control the aircraft, but he had no lift. The chopper bounded twice down the inclined deck, then slid, crashing into the ship's guardrail. For a moment, he thought the rail would hold. Then Delta-One heard the crack. The heavily laden chopper listed over the brink, plummeting into the sea. Inside the Triton, Rachel Sexton sat paralyzed, her body pressed back into the sub's seat. The minisub had been tossed violently as the chopper's rotor wrapped around the cable, but she had managed to hang on. Somehow the blades had missed the main body of the sub, but she knew there had to be major damage to the cable. All Rachel could think of at that point was escaping from the sub as fast as she could. The soldier trapped in the clamps stared in at her, delirious, bleeding, and burned from the shrapnel. Beyond him, Rachel saw William Pickering still holding on to a cleat on the slanting deck.

A Day in the Death of Joe Egg - Joe Penhall As a director, explain how you would create comedy for your audience from the serious subject matter presented in this extract.

A Day in the Death of Joe Egg - Joe Penhall As a director, explain how you would create comedy for your audience from the serious subject matter presented in this extract. As a director, I would try to bring out the comedy in this extract by, firstly, casting two people who have an ability to make people laugh by doing hardly anything. There are people who can send an audience into fits of laughter by simply pulling a face or walking. A naturally funny person would make the comic extracts of this play easier for the audience to accept.As for the direction of these actors, I would ask them to perform certain lines as follows: When Bri first mentions Freddie, his obvious dislike of the man could be very funny. I would ask the actor playing Bri to say Freddie's name with absolute disgust. Later, when Sheila reminds Bri that it was he who first introduced her to Freddie, Bri's reaction (a wry smile perhaps) would continue this joke. When Sheila tries to persuade Bri to go to the rehearsal by offering him whisky afterwards, Bri's reaction of 'whisky first, Freddie after' is easy for the audience to empathise with and thus laugh at.BRII would ask the actor p laying Bri to say this line as if it were preposterous that the whisky were to come after the gruelling prospect of a conversation with Freddie.Sheila's annoyance with the stupidity of the cat is very funny. If the actress were to have quite a lot of difficulty getting the door open because of the cat and then kicking it (with a pre-recorded squeal audible over loud-speakers), her mini-duel would be quite entertaining. Similarly amusing is the stupidity of talking to the cat and the audience's realisation of how stupid it is, yet they all do it.When Bri and Sheila are speaking to Joe (or rather, speaking at her), their mock enthusiasm and amazement is very...

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 Assignment

Consumer Protection- Discussion post 5 - Assignment Example On the other hand, a mortgage has two parties, which include the borrower and the lender. In an instance where the borrower is unable to pay, in mortgage the foreclosure and sale of the property have to use the judicial process (Vobeckà ¡, Kosteleckà ½, & Lux, 2014). The lender files the lawsuit. In a deed of trust, however, in case the borrower fails to pay, the home can be auctioned. This method does not use the courts, and the trustee is the one who auctions the home (Super, 2013). The deed of trust is more efficient and faster since it does not involve a judicial process. Different states have different laws on deeds of trust, and thus one may need to review such rules before deciding on which to use. Epstein, R. A. (2014). Public accommodations under the civil rights act of 1964: why freedom of association counts as a human right. Stanford Law Review, 66(6), 1241-1291. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1548675357?accountid=45049 Vobeckà ¡, J., Kosteleckà ½, T., & Lux, M. (2014). Rental housing for young households in the Czech Republic: Perceptions, priorities and possible solutions*. Sociologicky Casopis, 50(3), 365-390. Retrieved from

Why are big projects often complete late and out of budget Essay

Why are big projects often complete late and out of budget - Essay Example uth Wales Labor Government ran an international competition for a design for a complex including 2 main halls, a restaurant and meeting rooms with 234 architects from 9 countries submitting designs. An extraordinarily ambitious design by Jorn Utzon was initially rejected by an assessment committee, however, respected Finnish architect Eero Saarinon convinced them to change their minds and Utzon was awarded the prize. Before The Opera House, Utzon had won 7 of eight competitions he had entered but not one of his designs was ever built. It was estimated that construction would take 5 years and would cost A$7 million. The â€Å"Opera House Lottery† was born in 1958 as an extra source of funding before construction had begun. The original completion date was set down for 26th January, 1963 (Australia Day) and it didnt reach completion until 1973, 10 years late and the costs had blown out to A$103 million, 14 times over budget. Because of the complexities of his design, Utzon, was aware that technical problems would arise and as advanced technology that was not yet available would be needed to address these problems. He pleaded that he had not yet fully completed the design for the structure and asked for more time to tackle these problems, however his request was denied with the government fearing that funding and public opinion would turn against them and construction began in 1959, two years ahead of Utzons schedule. The lack of preparation had immediate consequences and many structural issues remained unsolved. With unexpected difficulties such as bad weather and the inability to have a suitable avenue for rain water to be diverted along with the fact that appropriate construction drawings had not been drafted, work was already running 47 weeks behind schedule. The roof of the Opera House was to be formed with a series of precast concrete shells and covered with Swedish made white glazed tiles. It was discovered, after the monumental Grand Podium, with its