Why We Study Human Development Essay - 1681 Words

I believe there are two important reasons why we study human development. One, to improve the lives of young children; two, improve parenting practices. Erik Erikson was one of the forefathers who tried to break down human development into stages. The stages are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus identity confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Santrock (2013) stated, â€Å"At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. The more successfully an individual resolves the crises, the healthier his or her development will be† (p. 22). In my short eighteen years of life, I have only experienced five of the eight life stages. The stages I have en countered do accurately describe my stages of growth. The first stage, Trust versus Mistrust, occurs from birth until the end of the first year. According to Santrock (2013) â€Å"Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live† (p. 23). My parents expressed that when I was an infant, my personality was surprisingly mellow and trusting. They even deemed me with the nickname â€Å"Easy E† because of my unorthodox attitude. I was born in Humbolt,Show MoreRelatedHuman Geography And Development Studies1622 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly changing. Both natural and human created events, shape the world and create strong relationships between the environment and society. Human geography and development studies are two fields seeking to analyse these interrelationships and answer key questions about major issues in the world such as poverty, inequality and conflict. Human geography is largely about studying the spatial aspects of relationships between people and society whereas development studies focusses more on the way societiesRead MoreEssay on Linguistics in Anthropology634 Words   |  3 PagesLinguistics in Anthropology When we begin to dive into the study of humans, also known as Anthropology, there are so many subdivisions we can learn about. One very interesting clump within the study of Anthropology can be classified as Linguistic Anthropology. In this instance, anthropologists study language and how the development and its use can be studied to understand culture. According to the department of Anthropology at California State University Long beach, Anthropologists are interestedRead MoreMusic Is The Product Of Our Evolution1331 Words   |  6 Pages as a way of motivation and pleasure, development and learning, and social communication. The big question that might be asked here is that why is music so loved and powerful in such a way that can allow us to feel certain emotions, such as love or anger? One scientific study can answer that. â€Å"Scientists who study how music is processed in the brain are laying the groundwork to understand the underlying reasons for music’s power and importance to humans† (Weinberger et. El.). While a personRead MoreCognitive PsychologyFINAL PAPER724 Words   |  3 PagesPSY 360 December 1, 2014 Terry Blackmon Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper The human mind is full of complexity, with it we have the ability to breath, have a heartbeat, and also process what we see around us. Many experts in the field of psychology had tried to explain the full complexity of our brain’s actions and thoughts. According to Galotti (2014), cognitive psychology studies our thoughts such as what we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize reason, decide, and so forth. CognitiveRead MoreFinal Project1372 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Study #1 (Identify Researchers Year of Publication): Title: The calming effect of a maternal breast milk odor on the human born infant. Researcher: Shota Nishitani et al., Year of Publication: 2009 Description of Research Study (Methods Results): In this study the researchers tested the pain responses in newborns who are experiencing heel sticks. They split forty-eight newborns into four categories, each with a different type if milk odor origination. The four groups were: own mother’sRead MoreWhat Can Psychology Teach Us About Human Development?1558 Words   |  7 PagesPSYCHOLOGY ESSAY WHAT CAN PSYCHOLOGY TEACH US ABOUT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? WORDCOUNT 1532 INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Discussions on the two subjects date as far back as the early Greek thinkers such as Aristotle and Socrates. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘psyche’ meaning ‘soul’ or ‘mind’. Psychology is both an applied and academic field, that is the scientific study Of behaviour and experience. Research into psychology helps us toRead MoreAnthropomorphism And Early Learning About Animals Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pageschildren’s early learning about animals. The term anthropomorphism gives life-like or human characteristics to those who are not human such as an animal or an object. The author’s writing will inform those who are concerned about this current dilemma and their effects on the children’s early learning about animals as well as provide us with our next steps to ensure academic success for our youth. The proper development of these early young minds is the main purpose of this research and article. AnthropomorphismRead MoreGeography Study Notes890 Words   |  4 PagesGeography – Unit One Notes What is Geography? Geography is the study of the world, how it works, and how people use and change the world as they live in it. Origins The word â€Å"Geography† comes from the Greek word â€Å"Geo.† Meaning earth and â€Å"graph† meaning writing. Definitions Population Denisty – Figure calculated by dividing the population of a region by the region’s area. Staristical Analysis – Studying collected data for the purposes of summarizing information to make it more usable andRead MoreMy Life Span Perspective And The Seven Key Assumptions That Make Up Development Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesassumptions that make up development. The four key assumptions that are applicable to my development, and why I decided to study the Bachelor of Social Work degree are development is multidirectional, development involves both gains and losses, development is characterised by lifelong plasticity and development is multiply influenced. My journey so far has contained different seasons and paths that my family and I have had to walk through, most of them leading to my decision to study Social Work. On FebruaryRead MorePsychology and Its Importance1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthen? What do you call a person who studies psychology? There are a lot of questions concerning psychology and as you continue reading this article many of those queries will get answered accordingly. Psychology means a theoretical, educational and applied science connecting the scientific study of mental operations and behavior or performance. Psychology also refers to the application or usage of understanding, knowledge and skills to a number of areas of human activity, involving issues concerning

The Role of the Nephron Free Essays

string(88) " medulla are now very salty due to so much sodium and chloride ions accumulating there\." The Roles of the Nephron of the 120 ml of blood that is filtered by the kidneys each minute, only I ml (that’s less than I%) turns into urine that will eventually leave the body (after approximately 300 – 400 mis of it accumulates to fill the bladder! ) That leaves 119 ml of fluid called filtrate to be returned back to the blood stream. Good thing, otherwise you would have to micturate (pee, urinate) once every 3 minutes and drink 1 L of fluid every 10 minutes in order to maintain Homeostasis!!! The one million nephrons in each human kidney are amazingly efficient at selectively removing wastes from the blood while at the same time conserving water, salt ions, glucose and other needed materials. The nephrons accomplish this task in 3 main steps; these 3 steps are also called the 3 main roles of the nephron: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Nephron or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fiftratffln Filtration is aecomplished by the movement of fluids from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule. Beabsorpttort Reatuorptias wolves the selective transfer of essential solutes and water back into the blood. Secretion Secretion Involves the movement of wastes from the blood into the mphron. 1. Filtration The renal artery carries blood into the kidney (approximately 600 mis of blood enters a kidney each minute). The renal artery then branches into arterioles which then branch intoaspecialized capillaries called the glomerulus. Because of the great difference in diameter between the renal artery and the glomerul us, blood entering the glomerulus is under very high pressure. This pressure forces about 20% of the blood plasma (about 120m1 of the 600 ml) out of the glomerulus and across the membrane of Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule acts to â€Å"filter† or separate some of the substances that are located in blood plasma from others. This is because some substances are small enough to fit through the pores of the membrane of Bowman’s capsule and some are too large and thus do not enter Bowman’s capsule with the rest of the blood plasma. Water, salt ions (sodium, potassium and choride), glucose molecules, amino acids and urea molecules are all small enough to go through the membrane pores into Bowman’s capsule. Blood cells (rbc, wbc and platelets) and proteins on the other hand are too large to leave the capillaries or enter Bowman’s capsule. The fluid inside of Bowman’s capsule gets a name change; it is now called â€Å"filtrate† because it is blood plasma that has been filtered, This filtrate is identical to blood plasma minus the blood cells and proteins. Filtrate is said to be isotonic to blood plasma with respect to its concentration of water, salt ions, glucose, amino acids and urea. The filtrate will then proceed from Bowman’s capsule through the rest of the nephron in the following order: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule and finally the collecting tubule. From the collecting tubule, the filtrate will enter the pelvis of the kidney and be called urine. 2. Reabsorption Useful materials such as sugars and salt ions are reabsorbed back into the blood stream. That is, materials that could still be used by the body are sent back to the blood. Reabsorption happens as filtrate passes sequentially through the nephron. Materials re-entering the blood stream do so through the capillary network surrounding the nephrons. In short, â€Å"good† stuff is sent from the nephron back into the blood. A. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCn: As the filtrate enters the PCT approximately 80% of the salt ions (sodium and potassium), glucose and amino acids are ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED out of the PCT and back into the blood stream by special â€Å"pumping† cells located in the walls of the PCT. The process of active transport requires energy. Energy in the form of ATP is supplied by the numerous mitochondria that are embedded in the walls of the PCT. Because of ionic attraction, negatively charged chloride ions (CI-) will flow passively out of the PCT as they are attracted by the positively charged sodium and potassium ions (Na+, K+). As the concentration of the above mentioned solute molecules drops inside of the PCT, water then diffuses out of the PCT and into the capillary network passively by the process of OSMOSIS. The lining of the PCT contains microvilli to increase the surface area over which this reabsorption can occur. B. Descending Loop of Henle: As the filtrate travels into the descending Loop of Henle, both sodium and potassium ions passively diffuse from the salty tissues of the surrounding medulla BACK INTO the Loop of Henle. (Although this is eabsorption of materials, the materials are not going back into the blood stream at this point). At the same time, water continues to move out of the Loop of Henle and into the capillary network by osmosis. The filtrate at this point is more concentrated (hypertonic) with respect to salt ions than it was in the PCT, both because water has been removed from it, and because salt ions have been again added to it. C. AscendineLoop of Henle As the filtrate proceeds up into the ascending Loop of Henle, the choride ions are actively pumped back out of the nephron. Because of ionic attraction, sodium ions then passively follow the chloride ions out of the tubule and into the tissues of the medulla. These ions only move into the medulla and not back into the blood stream. Since the ascending Loop of Henle is impermeable to water, water cannot leave this part of the nephron. Because of this, the filtrate gets more dilute again. Because the opposite happens in the ascending and descending Loops of Henle, the process is called the COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM. The process is also known as the CHLORIDE SfUFT. D. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) As the filtrate passes through this part of the nephron, water continues to passively diffuse out of the nephron and back into the blood. Water continues to diffuse out of the DCT because the surrounding tissues of the medulla are now very salty due to so much sodium and chloride ions accumulating there. You read "The Role of the Nephron" in category "Papers" The salty tissues attract the water out of the DCT because the medulla is hypertonic with respect to salt concentration when compared with the salt concentration of the filtrate (now hypotonic). Water that enters the medulla will then diffuse back into the blood stream. Because of the continual re-absorption of water, the filtrate becomes more and more concentrated with wastes, mainly urea. The amount of water that diffuses can be regulated by a hormone called ADH. The amount of water that diffuses from the DCT back into the blood depends on the needs of the body; if the body is dehydrated, more water will go back into the blood, and less will be left in the nephron to make less urine. The opposite occurs if the body is over hydrated. E. Collectin g Tubule C The same thing that occurs in the DCT also occurs in the CT 3. Secretion Occurring at the same time as reabsorption is a process called secretion. Secretion is when a cell releases a substance to its outside†¦ in this case, non-useful and toxic substances are ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED from the blood into the nephron – usually in the regions of the distal and proximal convoluted tubules. Substances which are secreted include excess acid (H+) or base (OH-) ions, excess glucose (high glucose levels are found in diabetic urine or urine of someone who has recently consumed a large amount of sugar-this is the kidney’s way of helping to ensure that the blood sugar level doesn’t get too high), ammonia, and drugs (this is why urine is used from many drug tests – the breakdown of many drugs including marijuana, cocaine, heroin, sleeping pills, codeine and many other medications can be detected even in minute amounts in the urine). The process of secretion ensures that materials that are potentially harmful to the body are quickly disposed of by being â€Å"dumped† into the fluid that is about to become urine. Secretion happens mainly in the regions of the DCT and CT but some also occurs in the PCT. In short, secretion involves â€Å"bad† stuff being removed from the blood being sent to the urine. of the loop after chlorine. The sodium rushes The Counter Current Mechanism of the Nephron out by diffusion because of its ‘fatal attraction’ to chlorine. The chlorine and the sodium ions collect and dominate the fluids outside the loop The loop of Henle works toward the goal of water conservation. Animals that live in a terrestrial environment need to be careful not to waste water. It is clearly a waste,if water is in short supply, to release too much water with the urine. As a result there needs to be a mechanism to encourage water out of the urine and back into the blood. The loop of Henle creates that animals. There i s no way of actively capturing water in the urine that is passing through the collecting ducts. It would almost seem too late to capture the water that is already on its way out of the body. However, the nifty nephron creates a trick with its loop of lienle to get the water out of the collecting duct before it leaves the kidney, kidney. The ascending loop of Henle actively transports chlorine ions out of the filtrate with carrier proteins. Chlorine builds up in the fluids of the medulla by active transport. Because it is a negative ion, it creates a cause for the sodium ion, which is positive, to rush out It does so by creating a salty environment in the medulla area of the mechanism in terrestrial of I-fenle creating a salty environment. This salty environment catches the attention of the water that is passing through the nearby collecting duct. salt. The collecting duct is permeable to water but not permeable to the Water can. not resist moving into the The salt creates an osmotic salty medulla. pressure that pulls the water out of the collecting duct by osmosis. Water has a ‘fatal attraction’ to salty solutions. ) Once the water is out of the duct it is no longer destined for elimination but can’ now be picked up by the nearby. ,Mood capillaries and returned to be used by;. body systems. Meanwhile, back at the loop of`-†¢Henle, trouble is starting. The ascending loop is running out of salt. There is no need to worry. The salt trick can continue because the de scending loop in its wisdom is stealing back the salt that the ascending loop is so generously releasing. This helps to keep a constant flow of salt inside the loop for the ascending lope to pump out . Because of the generosity gfthe ascending loop and the stinginess of the descending loop a salt trade or salt current is established as the salt moves ouc of the ascen ding loop and into the descending loop, This salt current established by the loop of lienle maintains an environment that attracts water out of the ducts containing urine and back into the blood. This process is called the counter current mechanism. (ER 25 EXCRETION AND WE BALANCING OF WATER AN Cl ruti†n i Tubular secretion Nctwp -i Urea _, How Materials Move Into and Out of the Nephron As Urine Forms. As a Al. nephron extends through the kidney’s cortex and medulla and dumps urine into the collecting duct, various substances enter and leave the filtrate. Broken lines represent segments of the nephron wall that are permeable to water, while solid lines represent wall segments impermeable to water. Narrow arrows represent passive diffusion of materials into or out of the nephron tubule, while wide arrows represent active transport against concentration gradients. Filtration activities are shown in blue, tubu. l ‘eabsorption activities in green, and tubular secretion in yellow. U ne is shown as yellow. traces nephron function and material movements step by step. The t FU†,t. Ic r1 How to cite The Role of the Nephron, Papers

Creating a School of Excellence free essay sample

Did you truthfully understand the enormity that someday you would be responsible for so many lives? Each day hundreds and sometimes thousands of parents entrust their most precious asset, their children, to you. And what about the faculty, staff, and community that you influence? Dont they frequently turn to you for leadership, knowledge, guidance, and assistance? As a Catholic school leader you hold the lions share of accountability for student safety, quality of instruction, and community satisfaction as well as the usual executive oversight for efficient operations, financial stewardship, strategic initiatives, community relations, and organizational culture. Catholic education in the 21st century demands that these items be essential cores to your mission, because we are fortunate to serve humanity by forming the hearts, minds, and souls of tomorrows leaders. So how can Catholic school leaders build a culture of excellence? I believe that excellence within a Catholic school begins with school leadership. To create an excellent Catholic school, the leaders must be excellent themselves: They must not only believe in but manifest in their actions a passion for the school’s mission, its vision, and its values. Assuming a deep commitment to the school’s mission and alignment with the desired values exists in leadership, the next steps are to Find Faith and Seek Service, Invest in the Best, and Reinforce the Expectation of Excellence. Organization, education, and administrative skills are important too, but excellence depends on deep alignment around these three intangibles. Find Faith and Seek Service The primary focus of Catholic schools is to participate in the Churchs evangelizing mission of bringing the Gospel to the ends of the earth. More specifically, Catholic schools are places of evangelization for the young. To create a school of excellence, leaders must place the responsibility of finding faith and seeking service at the top of their administrative agenda. It’s not enough for schools to teach students the faith; we must prepare our students to live that faith in practice. By the very nature of Catholic schools we already create a host of opportunities for students to learn and practice the Gospel values. While each school community is unique, these suggestions provide opportunities for schools to expand upon the mission of Catholic education. Catholic schools traditionally require service hours and offer opportunities for school prayer and Mass. As a Catholic school leader seek ways to expand upon the current practices in your school. Find opportunities for additional all-school and community Masses. Create opportunities for the faculty and staff to come together more frequently to celebrate the Eucharist. Add school-wide prayers like The Angelus or Rosary to enhance your Catholic identify and make faith an integral part of the daily experience. Explore avenues to grow the current service program. Consider having extracurricular groups commit a weekend afternoon to a service project, take your student body off-campus for a day of service, invite non-profit organizations in to speak to your students and educate them about their service to the community. Finding additional time to celebrate our faith and seeking additional service opportunities will model to students and staff how to live and practice the Catholic faith; it will keep our schools uniquely Catholic, and will strengthen our world today and tomorrow. Invest in the Best, Schools throughout the United States, regardless if they are suburban, urban, rural, private, public, or charter, are all facing difficult budgetary decisions and restraints. Having served two Catholic schools whose budgets are driven by enrollment and fundraising, my experience has been no different than any other Catholic educator across the country. The best financial allocation an educational leader can make is to invest in the best educators. Those teachers that magically empower students, build curriculum, and drive your mission. In Jim Collins’ outstanding book, Good to Great, he makes the point that getting â€Å"the right people on the bus† is the first step towards excellence and research has identified the classroom teacher as the number one factor influencing student achievement. An educational leader serious about raising reading scores, ACT scores, lowering the dropout rate, getting more students in to college, or focusing on school improvement targets will make this investment in the best teachers a top priority. Great teachers make Great schools possible. There are multiple approaches a Catholic school leader can take to invest in the best. Investing in master teachers with advanced degrees and several years of experience present more significant economic implications than teachers lacking similar professional credentials. Identifying, recruiting, and hiring experienced professionals can also be difficult and can create a hindrance if a leader allows it. However, Catholic educational leaders known for leading schools to excellence, some which have made dramatic turnarounds in the most difficult school settings, will verify that the return on investment in hiring the most qualified teachers is the most advisable budgetary expense a school leader can authorize. Educators with advanced degrees and handfuls of experience are not the only option for investing in the best. Schools can benefit greatly by hiring young educators who have a passion for education. Their enthusiasm, youthful perceptive on life, and new, creative ideas can engage students and ignite or reignite entire faculties. Dynamic, inspiring, masterful educators do not often fall in a leader’s lap. An educational leader has to post teaching openings in as many avenues as possible. The Internet and social media like Facebook, Twitter, and Craigslist have made this easier and more cost affordable for school leaders. Most nearby colleges and universities will post school openings, notify their graduates of openings, and will welcome Catholic schools to their career fairs. Accessing the local universities and requesting student-teachers is another free resource to increase the probability of hiring a dynamic young educator. Local newspapers, websites, and state and national organizations are also prime areas to recruit qualified candidates. An educational leader serious about leading their school to excellence knows to cast a wide net. Keep in mind those who are brought into an organization, over time, determine to a great extent what the organization will become. An often overlooked aspect of investing in the best is the current faculty and staff that you lead. All Catholic schools leaders are blessed to have a core group of teachers in their building right now that are simply the very best in their profession. The best strategy one can implement as a Catholic school leader seeking excellence is to invest in those teachers. Identify the best teachers and listen to their ideas, thoughts, dreams, even complaints. The best teachers want the very best for students. Invest in them by providing opportunities for them to collaborate as a faculty, give them avenues to communicate with you as the school leader, often. They have the most exposure to students and families. They know the strengths and the deficiencies of your students better than you’ll ever be able to decipher on your own. Afford them the opportunity to share that valuable information with you. They know what needs to be implemented to increase student achievement in your building, they have terrific ideas to prevent bullying, they’ve considering techniques to increase parental involvement, they are up-to-date on the newest technology, have innovative curriculum ideas, and they are the heartbeat and pulse of your school. Invest in their professional development. Give them the resources they need to be effective. Teach them, coach them, and inspire them. In the age of capitalism and innovation, new programs, tools, and manipulatives, appear on the market daily. It is easy for any educational leader to reach for that magic bullet to transform your school overnight. Having tried many of those transformative toys I’ve come to understand what the best educators have known for many years. It’s not programs, its people that make the difference. An educational leader that is serious about moving a school from good to great, invests in the best educators and leaves the latest trend of the month on the shelf. The investment in qualified educators pays off far more than any curriculum in a box ever will. Reinforce the Expectation of Excellence The final component to creating a school of excellence is to immerse the expectations of excellence into everything that is done within the school. Every discussion, email, document, and process is an opportunity to support your expectations of excellence. When test scores soar or students go out of their way to help those in need how will you celebrate? As leaders we often assume everyone will do their best and exceed expectations at all times, but how often do we recognize and applaud that effort? Take time at faculty meetings to praise and reinforce the work of the teachers who are putting in extra hours to prepare for homecoming, Christmas Mass, or graduation. Honor your students over morning announcements or in your monthly newsletters for their academic, athletic, and community service accomplishments. Make excellence an expectation and a daily norm. Social media like Facebook and Twitter provide affordable avenues to acknowledge the culture of excellence ou are building. Make it a goal every day to share one example of excellence taking place within your school. When your best teacher performs a masterful lesson, tweet about it! When the soccer team wins a District Championship post a picture and congratulatory message on Facebook! When students exceed the expectations on the state or national exam email their parents and post their accomplishments on your website. Find opportunities to stream your school Masses online. The possibilities of immersing your culture in excellence in the 21st century are endless and typically free! Regardless of your current school conditions, it is possible to lead for excellence. It requires a commitment to a strong Catholic mission to educate students for spiritual, academic, and personal excellence, hiring exceptional staff with high standards, and immersing the school community with daily examples of excellence. Then, the overwhelming pride from being part of something great comes. Your heart will pound with excitement when you realize that your school community is working to the beat of one heart, one mission, to lead your school to excellence.